First Boy Scout Camp at Silver Bay with Ernest Thompson Seton

Seton outdoors, Library of Congress

Here is another find from the Seton archives at the Academy for the Love of Learning—an account by William W. Edel (1894—1996) of the first Boy Scouts of America camp which took place at Silver Bay, New York at the end of August 1910.* Organized by the Y.M.C.A., the camp was an experiment for the nascent BSA and an early competition between the very different approaches to Woodcraft by Seton and Dan Beard, who were both in attendance.

Mr. Edel must have been an interesting character as well. He held a J.U.D. degree (in civil and canon law in the Catholic church) and served as a chaplain in the U.S. Navy for thirty years from World War I through World War II. After the wars, he served as president of Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.

Edel’s remembrance of Seton, dated January 17, 1995, was in the form of a letter to a history scholar, Dr. D… The following is a quote from that letter:

My story with its headline “First Camp, an Old Scout Remembers” was written by me in 1979 when I submitted it to a number of publications only to have it returned as being “too long.” I suppose that I really did write more than most publications wished to use.

My story does not really need any addition but I will write a few things that I did not cover fully at first.

I wish that I might describe Ernest Thompson Seton in a way that he appeared when he was the first Scout, to me he seemed almost to be more than human, his attitudes, his comments, his teaching of woodcraft and campcraft and related things were done with an ease and kindly presence that showed him as perfectly equipped for the job he had. He never failed, no matter what question was put to him he always had the right answer at the right time.

I think I ought to tell you a little more about the “dog soldiers.” They were selected from the leaders of the various delegations by Ernest Thompson Seton and other leaders. The Baltimore delegation had a leader whose name I cannot remember, who came with us expecting to remain in his position during the entire encampment, but without saying anything to any of the boys in his group, he left on the third day and never returned. The result was that I was selected to take his place, largely because I had YMCA camp experience for three years, which no others in my group had. As a result of my taking responsibility as leader of the Baltimore delegation it fell to my being listed among the “dog soldiers.” With a little instruction from Seton himself I soon learned to take this semi-official place. On the day when I served as “dog soldier” I wore a red headband with one feather which I believe was worn also in Seton’s Young Indians, of which I have [sic] been a member only by mail. It was the duty of the dog-soldier to be alert from the end of one Council fire to the beginning of the next one. There were always two dog-soldiers whose duty it was to see that all the rules of the camp were observed. In my “First Camp” I give a general idea of the rules which the dog-soldiers had to administer. Their authority came directly from Ernest Thompson Seton.

I do not believe there were many campers who were younger than I was and since I am now one hundred years old plus six months, I think it is extremely unlikely that there are any other persons living today who camped at Silver Bay in 1910. If any still exist I would be glad to know who they are and their address and telephone number. If it is your judgment that I am the only survivor of the first camp I trust you will depict me as such . My birthday was the 16^th of March 1894 and by the time you have carried your plans into completion I will be a few months more that [sic] 101.

My book entitled “MY Hundred Years” was published on the day that I reached by 100^th birthday and for your information I am sending you a copy of the book.

Very truly yours,

William W. Edel

* The YMCA’s Edgar M. Robinson, a strong Seton ally, was in charge of BSA at this time.

Bearly There: An account of an Ernest Thompson Seton 1906 Lecture

 

Here is an unattributed article from The Winnipeg Telegram, Saturday, September 1, 1906. Seton traveled a great deal to giving paid lectures and in later years (probably earlier ones as well) selling his books. This is an account of one of those appearances. Source: Archives, Academy for the Love of Learning. (Note that ETS had published under both forms of his name: Thompson Seton and Seton-Thompson.)

The article:

Whatever way his name may be twisted, Ernest Thompson-Seton of [sic] Ernest Seton-Thompson, is among the luckiest of mortals. A successful artist, a litterateur of note, a naturalist of world-wide repute, a trained if merciful hunter, a skillful taxidermist, an accomplished man of the world, an eloquent lecturer, the official naturalist of the province of Manitoba without a salary, Mr. Seton is also more. He is a theorist whose theory is verified before the echo of the voice that gave it forth has died away.

In a lecture delivered before a delighted audience in Winnipeg the other evening Mr. Seton advanced the plausible theory that various carnivorous animals popularly supposed to lose considerable sleep in efforts to obtain good, substantial meals of defenceless human beings, do not attack of their own initiative the said human being unless provoked or in their own defence. In other words, Mr. Seton fearlessly makes the assertion that man is the aggressor almost invariably nowadays, and that if we would not attack wolves and bears, these hitherto dreaded denizens of the forest and prairie would leave us severely alone. Mr. Seton, who, varied as his accomplishments are, does not profess to be a logician, says also, that this disposition has been particularly evident in the world since the discovery of gunpowder and the invention of quick-firing long range rifles and the knowledge that wild animals have obtained in various ways of their deadly effects.

However, Mr. Seton’s theory has been substantially verified this week by the dispatch from Fort Williams yesterday which announced that a big, black bear tired probably of the monotony of the long August day in the lonesome woods, sought with the playful disposition that black bears are occasionally known to display, the playground of a Fort William public school for the means of joyously spending the noon hour with the youngsters. The dispatch states that with the accommodating disposition of children, and in defiance of maternal injunctions against undesirable playfellows, the children romped with him to their mutual delight.

Mr. Seton, with others, will regret that upon the news being reported of the coming of an animal, a considerable number of the male population turned out and chased the practical evidence of a theory of Mr. Seton, into the wildwood at the points of a variety of guns.

Mr. Seton may be right but it will take several more lectures, several more delightful books and several more generations before the mothers of the land will approve of the bears and wolves becoming the playfellows of their children in the intervals of school. The bear at Fort Williams probably meant well and missed a good deal of fun by the hasty action of the armed populace, but there is a marked prejudice still existing against wolves and bears strolling out in their idle hours and joining in the games of the infant classes of our public schools.

Advanced Topics in Lifecraft #4 User's Guide to Ernest Thompson Seton Stories

 Rabbit at Night from ALL collection

In the three previous Lifecraft essays, I have discussed the Nine Principles, the Fourfold Path, and Learning as Transformation. This time I want to present a brief discussion of several Seton short stories. Seton vividly illustrates the lessons of Lifecraft through the biographies of his animal heroes. The stories are filled with action (chases and escapes) and emotion (triumph and pathos). Based on Seton’s observations and imaginings, we see nature described in a highly descriptive manner. He can veer into the fantastic (do animals really commit suicide?) but also stick to the highly realistic—wild nature, overall, while it may often emphasize cooperation over survival of the fittest, generates stories of kindness less often than others of unconscious cruelty. A hard lesson for the children the stories were aimed at, but that is life.

The violence in “Lobo” (wolf) is unapologetic. The life of Krag (bighorn sheep) is tragic. Even the triumph of Billy (another wolf) comes at a price—his life will never be one of security. Nature must be taken on its own terms, and not portrayed as less brutal or less magnificent than it is. Seton presents two radical lessons. One is that wild animals are not fundamentally different from us, only different by degree. The other is that we humans are a part of nature, and that by causing environmental destruction, it is ourselves that we attack.

Many of these stories are available as free on-line books or through Project Gutenberg. The stories are taken from Wild Animals I Have Known (1898), Lives of the Hunted (1901) and Animal Heroes (1905). Seton aimed his stories towards young adult readers (defined by the publishing industry as being between 12 and 17), but younger children as well as adults also have a lot to learn here. I have included story descriptions and discussion guides.

	“Lobo, The King of Currumpaw” is Seton’s signature tale of the wolf hunt that transformed him from predator killer to predator protector. This is the lead story in Seton’s first best-seller, Wild Animals I Have Known, a first-person narrative about his efforts to trap wolves in Union County, N.M., during the winter of 1893-94. Based on real events, the story focuses on a remarkable wolf who could not be caught until Seton uses the most extraordinary treachery against him. The wolf is the hero of the story, while Seton casts himself as the villain. It is one of the most unusual hunting stories ever written. It is also a story that captures the larger American experience of man and nature. Seton referenced it in one of his next books (Lives of the Hunted): “I have been bitterly denounced, first, for killing Lobo; second, and chiefly, for telling of it, to the distress of many tender hearts.  To this I reply: In what frame of mind are my hearers left with regard to the animal? Are their sympathies quickened toward the man who killed him, or toward the noble creature who, superior to every trial, died as he had lived, dignified, fearless, and steadfast?” Use these questions to generate conversation in a discussion group: People have to make a living through honorable undertakings such as cattle ranching. Wolves have to make a living as well, by killing their prey. Land owners have the right to protect their livestock. What rights do wolves have, or what rights should they have? Lobo proves to be an animal of exceptional cunning. What do you think of him? Seton uses a trick to trap Blanca. Was he unfair, or was he justified in the measures taken to trap her? Seton describes Lobo’s last hours in considerable detail, what do you think he might have learned from this experience? How does the death of the wolf make you feel?
	“Krag, the Kootenay Ram” is an in-depth conscientious exploration of animal behavior set in the Canadian Rockies. In this story, Seton set out his ideas on environmental consciousness and the complexity of animal behavior. The magnificent bighorn sheep, Krag, finds himself in a lifelong battle against the degenerate hunter Scotty MacDougall. In their final encounter, Scotty’s pursuit is such that he gives Krag no time to graze, and the great animal begins to starve. The journey is equally harsh for Scotty, whose physical deterioration soon matches his mental collapse. The story is an allegory about Western civilization’s self-destructive treatment of nature. Quote from Seton at the beginning of Lives of the Hunted: “My chief motive, my most earnest underlying wish, has been to stop the extermination of harmless wild animals; not for their sakes, but for ours, firmly believing that each of our native wild creatures is in itself a precious heritage that we have no right to destroy or put beyond the reach of our children.” Use these questions to generate conversation in a discussion group: What do bighorn sheep have to learn in order to survive in their mountain environment? What are some of the rule of bighorn sheep life? Krinklehorn nearly kills Krag by unfair fighting, but pays a terrible price. Do animals have a sense of morality? Krag must battle against both dogs and wolves. Krag prevails in these encounters, but sometimes the predators must prevail because they too must feed their families. What is the relationship of predator and prey in the wild? Scotty relentlessly pursues the ram. Do you think Scotty represents something more than himself in this story? What lesson is Seton teaching us?
	Badlands Billy: the Wolf that Won. Long before scientists understood animal intelligence, Seton identified it in this story. Badlands Billy is Seton’s remembrance of a wolf hunt he observed in 1897. Seton uses the story to explain the natural history of wolves. He invents a life history for this hero wolf who survives the greatest hardships. When the normal prey of wolves (such as bison and antelope) are killed off by human hunters, the wolves of North Dakota, like those of New Mexico, are forced to kill cattle, putting them into conflict with humans. Unlike Lobo, Billy outwits all the hunters. In addition to instincts, animals learn behavior by watching others of their own kind and through personal experience. Although these ideas are now accepted among animal behaviorists, when Seton first suggested them, they were highly controversial. Quote from Seton in Animal Heroes: “A Hero is an individual of unusual gifts and achievements. Whether it be man or animal, this definition applies; and it is the histories of such that appeal to the imagination and to the hearts of those who hear them.” Use these questions to generate conversation in a discussion group. Special note: the hunt for Billy took place in 1897, three years after the death of Lobo. Long ago, antelope and buffalo roamed the grasslands of America. Eventually, many of these animals were hunted to near extinction and replaced by cattle. The remaining wolves had nothing left to eat but cattle. Does this change your perception of wolves? What do mother wolves need to teach their pups? Why does Billy survive when Lobo did not? When Billy escapes the dogs, Seton cheers him on. Seton seems very different than three years earlier during his encounter with Lobo. Why do you think he has changed? What are the attributes of an animal hero? Which of these traits are demonstrated by Billy?
	Silverspot, The Story of a Crow is Seton’s classic look into the secret lives of birds., the subject that began his interest in natural history. Birds, especially large ones such as crows are relatively easy to see. Birds of the Corvidae family (crows, jays and ravens) are known as animals of exceptional intelligence. Silverspot is a natural leader and teacher, wise in the ways of his own kind, and the object of Seton’s attention over several years when he lived in Toronto. Quote from Seton in Wild Animals I Have Known: “How many of us ever got to know a wild animal? I do not mean merely to meet with one once or twice, or to have one in a cage, but to really know it for a long time in the wild, and to get an insight into its life and history.” Use these questions in discussion of the story. Seton interprets the calls of crows as a kind of language. Are the crows really speaking to each other? Crows can reason, plan, and learn. When Silverspot drops bread into a stream entering a tunnel, he knows to wait for its reappearance at the tunnel’s other end. How much are we like them or they like us? Are there absolute differences between the behavior of crows and of humans?
	Raggylug, The Story of a Cottontail Rabbit. Seton shows how animals, like people, do learn by watching their elders. He was one of the first naturalists to develop a scientific-based understanding of animal behavior. He wrote that animals (including rabbits) learn through instinct, but also by watching adults of the same species, and through personal experience. As we watch them go through their daily routines, we find out just how dangerous the world can be.  Quote from Wild Animals I Have Known: “Those who do not know animals well may think I have humanized them, but those who have lived so near them as to know somewhat of their ways and theirs minds will not think so.” Consider these questions. Which of Rag’s learning moments falls into which of the three categories (instinct, watching and imitating others, personal experience)? Time after time, Rag’s mother shows a willingness to make the ultimate sacrifice (that is, giving up her own life) to save him. How do you feel about her?
	Bingo, The Story of My Dog is a tribute to man’s best friend. Most of us have owned or been around dogs. The human-dog bond is unique. Bingo saved Seton’s life at least once, perhaps twice.  Quote from Wild Animals I Have Known: “It is wonderful and beautiful how a man and his dog will stick to one another, through thick and thin.” Here are some things we might ask about these relationships. What remarkable experiences have you had with dogs? What have you learned from dogs? Do you think they really know what we think and feel? Is there such a thing as a “bad dog” or are do dogs react to us in developing their own behavior?
	The Springfield Fox. At least until the advent of televised nature programs, few were privileged to observe the secretive fox as closely as Seton. This fox made an appearance in Raggylug’s story as a predator passing through. But here we see that the foxes have families of their own to care for. They react to changing situations with both emotion and intelligence. A fox can consciously choose to resemble a rock in order to escape attention. This suggests they are, at least in some ways, much like us. Quote from Wild Animals I Have Known: “For each kind of prey they [the fox pups] were taught a way to hunt, for every animal has some great strength or it could not live, and some great weakness or the others could not live.” Discuss the following ideas. When people and animals (such as foxes) encounter one another, the result is often tragic for the animal. What steps might we take to avoid or non-violently resolve conflicts with wild animals? Have you ever seen a fox or other secretive wild animals?
	The Pacing Mustang dramatizes the plight of wild animals by having a mustang choose between captivity and death.  Seton set this story concurrently with his hunt for Lobo. In order to create a sense of drama, he has the Mustang, in its final moment, chose death by suicide over captivity. Most scientists have doubted this could really have happened, but it is clear that animals have an emotional life. Quote from Wild Animals I Have Known: “Up, up and on, above the sheerest cliff he dashed away into the vacant air, down—down—two hundred downward feet to fall, and land upon the rocks below, a lifeless wreck—but free.”  A group could discuss these questions. If we could tune into the feelings of wild horses (or wolves or rabbits), what might we learn? In the late 1800s, the western United States was lightly populated and thinly fenced. Have you visited areas that were vast and open? What did you experience and how did you feel about that place?
	Redruff, The Story of the Don Valley Partridge is a poignant look at the extreme impact humans can have on wild nature. This is a particularly sad story where harmless animals are relentlessly pursued until they are exterminated. We will let Seton write the first discussion question from Wild Animals I have Known: “Have the wild things no moral or legal rights? What right has man to inflict such long and fearful agony on a fellow creature, simply because that creature does not speak his language?” Seton does not apply these questions to the way people treat one another. But do you believe these questions are valid in questioning how all the peoples of the world either do or do not get along? The back-page art in the original edition (and in many editions of the book) shows a man, a wolf, and a bird together. A rising sun comes up behind them (shining its light on all equally). A river or lake flows in front on them (from which all must drink). Swirling lines of energy connect all of them together. Was Seton correct in his vision, is it possible that all peoples, animals, and plants can someday achieve some level of harmony?

Through his stories Seton examined the relation of humankind to nature and its wildlife. Should we preserve wildlife for our sake? For the sake of the animals themselves? Or in our more ecologically minded time, can we make the case to do both? Lifecraft gives guidance for how to live, but also for how to question. We become fully alive when we take on the arduous responsibility of thinking for ourselves.

“Lobo, The King of Currumpaw” is Seton’s signature tale of the wolf hunt that transformed him from predator killer to predator protector. This is the lead story in Seton’s first best-seller, Wild Animals I Have Known, a first-person narrative about his efforts to trap wolves in Union County, N.M., during the winter of 1893-94. Based on real events, the story focuses on a remarkable wolf who could not be caught until Seton uses the most extraordinary treachery against him. The wolf is the hero of the story, while Seton casts himself as the villain. It is one of the most unusual hunting stories ever written. It is also a story that captures the larger American experience of man and nature.

Seton referenced it in one of his next books (Lives of the Hunted): “I have been bitterly denounced, first, for killing Lobo; second, and chiefly, for telling of it, to the distress of many tender hearts.  To this I reply: In what frame of mind are my hearers left with regard to the animal? Are their sympathies quickened toward the man who killed him, or toward the noble creature who, superior to every trial, died as he had lived, dignified, fearless, and steadfast?”

Use these questions to generate conversation in a discussion group:

1. People have to make a living through honorable undertakings such as cattle ranching. Wolves have to make a living as well, by killing their prey. Land owners have the right to protect their livestock. What rights do wolves have, or what rights should they have?
2. Lobo proves to be an animal of exceptional cunning. What do you think of him?
3. Seton uses a trick to trap Blanca. Was he unfair, or was he justified in the measures taken to trap her?
4. Seton describes Lobo’s last hours in considerable detail, what do you think he might have learned from this experience?
5. How does the death of the wolf make you feel?

“Krag, the Kootenay Ram” is an in-depth conscientious exploration of animal behavior set in the Canadian Rockies. In this story, Seton set out his ideas on environmental consciousness and the complexity of animal behavior. The magnificent bighorn sheep, Krag, finds himself in a lifelong battle against the degenerate hunter Scotty MacDougall. In their final encounter, Scotty’s pursuit is such that he gives Krag no time to graze, and the great animal begins to starve. The journey is equally harsh for Scotty, whose physical deterioration soon matches his mental collapse. The story is an allegory about Western civilization’s self-destructive treatment of nature.

Quote from Seton at the beginning of Lives of the Hunted: “My chief motive, my most earnest underlying wish, has been to stop the extermination of harmless wild animals; not for their sakes, but for ours, firmly believing that each of our native wild creatures is in itself a precious heritage that we have no right to destroy or put beyond the reach of our children.”

Use these questions to generate conversation in a discussion group:

1. What do bighorn sheep have to learn in order to survive in their mountain environment?
2. What are some of the rule of bighorn sheep life?
3. Krinklehorn nearly kills Krag by unfair fighting, but pays a terrible price. Do animals have a sense of morality?
4. Krag must battle against both dogs and wolves. Krag prevails in these encounters, but sometimes the predators must prevail because they too must feed their families. What is the relationship of predator and prey in the wild?
5. Scotty relentlessly pursues the ram. Do you think Scotty represents something more than himself in this story? What lesson is Seton teaching us?

Badlands Billy: the Wolf that Won. Long before scientists understood animal intelligence, Seton identified it in this story. Badlands Billy is Seton’s remembrance of a wolf hunt he observed in 1897. Seton uses the story to explain the natural history of wolves. He invents a life history for this hero wolf who survives the greatest hardships. When the normal prey of wolves (such as bison and antelope) are killed off by human hunters, the wolves of North Dakota, like those of New Mexico, are forced to kill cattle, putting them into conflict with humans. Unlike Lobo, Billy outwits all the hunters. In addition to instincts, animals learn behavior by watching others of their own kind and through personal experience. Although these ideas are now accepted among animal behaviorists, when Seton first suggested them, they were highly controversial.

Quote from Seton in Animal Heroes: “A Hero is an individual of unusual gifts and achievements. Whether it be man or animal, this definition applies; and it is the histories of such that appeal to the imagination and to the hearts of those who hear them.”

Use these questions to generate conversation in a discussion group. Special note: the hunt for Billy took place in 1897, three years after the death of Lobo.

1. Long ago, antelope and buffalo roamed the grasslands of America. Eventually, many of these animals were hunted to near extinction and replaced by cattle. The remaining wolves had nothing left to eat but cattle. Does this change your perception of wolves?
2. What do mother wolves need to teach their pups?
3. Why does Billy survive when Lobo did not?
4. When Billy escapes the dogs, Seton cheers him on. Seton seems very different than three years earlier during his encounter with Lobo. Why do you think he has changed?
5. What are the attributes of an animal hero? Which of these traits are demonstrated by Billy?

Silverspot, The Story of a Crow is Seton’s classic look into the secret lives of birds., the subject that began his interest in natural history. Birds, especially large ones such as crows are relatively easy to see. Birds of the Corvidae family (crows, jays and ravens) are known as animals of exceptional intelligence. Silverspot is a natural leader and teacher, wise in the ways of his own kind, and the object of Seton’s attention over several years when he lived in Toronto.

Quote from Seton in Wild Animals I Have Known: “How many of us ever got to know a wild animal? I do not mean merely to meet with one once or twice, or to have one in a cage, but to really know it for a long time in the wild, and to get an insight into its life and history.”

Use these questions in discussion of the story.

1. Seton interprets the calls of crows as a kind of language. Are the crows really speaking to each other?
2. Crows can reason, plan, and learn. When Silverspot drops bread into a stream entering a tunnel, he knows to wait for its reappearance at the tunnel’s other end. How much are we like them or they like us?
3. Are there absolute differences between the behavior of crows and of humans?

Raggylug, The Story of a Cottontail Rabbit. Seton shows how animals, like people, do learn by watching their elders. He was one of the first naturalists to develop a scientific-based understanding of animal behavior. He wrote that animals (including rabbits) learn through instinct, but also by watching adults of the same species, and through personal experience. As we watch them go through their daily routines, we find out just how dangerous the world can be. 

Quote from Wild Animals I Have Known: “Those who do not know animals well may think I have humanized them, but those who have lived so near them as to know somewhat of their ways and theirs minds will not think so.”

Consider these questions.

1. Which of Rag’s learning moments falls into which of the three categories (instinct, watching and imitating others, personal experience)?
2. Time after time, Rag’s mother shows a willingness to make the ultimate sacrifice (that is, giving up her own life) to save him. How do you feel about her?

Bingo, The Story of My Dog is a tribute to man’s best friend. Most of us have owned or been around dogs. The human-dog bond is unique. Bingo saved Seton’s life at least once, perhaps twice. 

Quote from Wild Animals I Have Known: “It is wonderful and beautiful how a man and his dog will stick to one another, through thick and thin.”

Here are some things we might ask about these relationships.

1. What remarkable experiences have you had with dogs?
2. What have you learned from dogs?
3. Do you think they really know what we think and feel?
4. Is there such a thing as a “bad dog” or are do dogs react to us in developing their own behavior?

The Springfield Fox. At least until the advent of televised nature programs, few were privileged to observe the secretive fox as closely as Seton. This fox made an appearance in Raggylug’s story as a predator passing through. But here we see that the foxes have families of their own to care for. They react to changing situations with both emotion and intelligence. A fox can consciously choose to resemble a rock in order to escape attention. This suggests they are, at least in some ways, much like us.

Quote from Wild Animals I Have Known: “For each kind of prey they [the fox pups] were taught a way to hunt, for every animal has some great strength or it could not live, and some great weakness or the others could not live.”

Discuss the following ideas.

1. When people and animals (such as foxes) encounter one another, the result is often tragic for the animal. What steps might we take to avoid or non-violently resolve conflicts with wild animals?
2. Have you ever seen a fox or other secretive wild animals?

The Pacing Mustang dramatizes the plight of wild animals by having a mustang choose between captivity and death.  Seton set this story concurrently with his hunt for Lobo. In order to create a sense of drama, he has the Mustang, in its final moment, chose death by suicide over captivity. Most scientists have doubted this could really have happened, but it is clear that animals have an emotional life.

Quote from Wild Animals I Have Known: “Up, up and on, above the sheerest cliff he dashed away into the vacant air, down—down—two hundred downward feet to fall, and land upon the rocks below, a lifeless wreck—but free.” 

A group could discuss these questions.

1. If we could tune into the feelings of wild horses (or wolves or rabbits), what might we learn?
2. In the late 1800s, the western United States was lightly populated and thinly fenced. Have you visited areas that were vast and open? What did you experience and how did you feel about that place?

Redruff, The Story of the Don Valley Partridge is a poignant look at the extreme impact humans can have on wild nature. This is a particularly sad story where harmless animals are relentlessly pursued until they are exterminated. We will let Seton write the first discussion question from Wild Animals I have Known:

1. “Have the wild things no moral or legal rights? What right has man to inflict such long and fearful agony on a fellow creature, simply because that creature does not speak his language?”
2. Seton does not apply these questions to the way people treat one another. But do you believe these questions are valid in questioning how all the peoples of the world either do or do not get along?
3. The back-page art in the original edition (and in many editions of the book) shows a man, a wolf, and a bird together. A rising sun comes up behind them (shining its light on all equally). A river or lake flows in front on them (from which all must drink). Swirling lines of energy connect all of them together. Was Seton correct in his vision, is it possible that all peoples, animals, and plants can someday achieve some level of harmony?